Home | Volume 40 | Article number 124

Research

Research priorities for accelerating the achievement of three 95 HIV goals in Cameroon: a consensus statement from the Cameroon HIV Research Forum (CAM-HERO)

Research priorities for accelerating the achievement of three 95 HIV goals in Cameroon: a consensus statement from the Cameroon HIV Research Forum (CAM-HERO)

Anastase Dzudie1,2,3,4, Boris Tchounga5, Rogers Ajeh1, Charles Kouanfack6,7, Peter Vanes Ebasone1,8, Tatiana Djikeussi5, Léonard Bonono Nyoto9, Joseph Fokam10,11, Jérôme Ateudjieu7, Patrice Tchendjou5, Ezechiel Ngoufack Jagni Semengue10, Fabrice Youbi12, Jean Anoubessi9, Marie Varloteaux13, Boris Youngui5, Felicite Naah Tabala14, Benjamin Atanga14, Leonie Simo5, Armel Zemsi5, Emile Shu Nforbih5, Gilles Ndayisaba5, Annereke Nyenti15, Apungwa Cornelius Ntabe16, Therese Abong Bwemba17, Eugene Sobngwi2, Serge Billong2,9, John Ditekemena5, Anne Cecile Zoung-Kanyi Bisseck2,14,&, Louis Richard Njock2,18

 

1Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 3Service of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon, 4Lown Scholars Program, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA, 5Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 6HIV Day Hospital, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 7Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, 8Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 9National AIDS Control Committee, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon, 10International Reference Centre Chantal Biya (IRCCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon, 11Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, 12Division of the Fight against Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon, 13Cameroon office, National Agency for Research on AIDS (ANRS), Yaoundé, Cameroon, 14Division of Health Operational Research, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 15Limbe Regional Hospital, Limbe, Cameroon, 16Cameroon Bioethics Initiative, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 17National Ethics Committee, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 18General Secretariat, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon

 

 

&Corresponding author
Anne Cecile Zoung-Kanyi Bisseck, Division of Health Operational Research, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon

 

 

Abstract

Introduction: the Treat-All remains the globally endorsed approach to attain the 95-95-95 targets and end the AIDS pandemic by 2030, but requires some country-level contextualization. In Cameroon, the specific research agenda to inform strategies for improving HIV policy was yet to be defined.

 

Methods: under the patronage of the Cameroon Ministry of health, researchers, policy makers, implementing partners, and clinicians from 13 institutions, used the Delphi method to arrive at a consensus of HIV research priorities. The process had five steps: 1) independent literature scan by 5 working groups; 2) review of the initial priority list; 3) appraisal of priorities list in a larger group; 4) refinement and consolidation by a consensus group; 5) rating of top research priorities.

 

Results: five research priorities and corresponding research approaches, resulted from the process. These include: 1) effectiveness, safety and active toxicity monitoring of new and old antiretrovirals; 2) outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) with focus in children and adolescents; 3) impact of HIV and ART on aging and major chronic diseases; 4) ART dispensation models and impact on adherence and retention; 5) evaluations of HIV treatment and prevention programs.

 

Conclusion: the research priorities resulted from a consensus amongst a multidisciplinary team and were based on current data about the pandemic and science to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure HIV. These priorities highlighted critical areas of investigation with potential relevance for the country, funders, and regulatory bodies.

 

 

Introduction    Down

Ending the HIV/AIDS remains a global health priority. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the HIV Treat All strategy as a global approach for the control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic [1]. This WHO policy recommended HIV Treat all approach and the United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) set goals to fast track the agenda; 95-95-95 targets to be attained by the year 2030 [2]. The three 95 targets stipulate that 95% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status; 95% of people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive antiretroviral therapy (ART); and 95% of all people receiving ART will have suppressed viral load. Cameroon implemented the HIV treat all strategy nationwide in 2016 [3]. According to the 2018 Cameroon population based HIV impact assessment report [4]; only 46.9% of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) knew their status, 91.3% of those who knew their status were on ART and 80.0% of those on ART had viral suppression. The population level HIV prevalence was 3.7% and the population level viral suppression was 44.7%. These indicators highlighted a significant gap towards achieving the 95-95-95 target in 2020. This implies Cameroon needs extra efforts to close the gaps of 2020 and accelerate progress towards attaining the 95-95-95 targets by 2030. To attain these targets, the Cameroon Ministry of Health (MoH) needs to increase investment in areas of immediate and critical importance that can only be identified by contextual research and scientific evidences. This targeted translational research should address major barriers to HIV service uptake, including strategies to improve HIV testing uptake, linkage to care and treatment, retention in care and sustained viral suppression. Over the past 10 years, there is an increasing volume of HIV research in Cameroon, providing some useful scientific evidences in various areas of HIV care. However, like other health research areas, Cameroon capacity to support HIV research or to respond to funders is not unlimited and collaboration between researchers and between researchers and decision-makers of the MoH would facilitate more systematic investigations and much better response to the lack of evidence. Minding the need to improve national HIV collaborative research and to provide needful research evidence to inform national HIV program policies, a group of four leading HIV research organisations, working in closed collaboration and under the leadership of the Cameroon MoH, through its Division of Health Operational Research (DROS) and the National AIDS control committee (NACC), formed the Cameroon HIV research forum (CAM-HERO) in November 2020. One of the initial goals of this group was to establish HIV/AIDS research priorities for the country. This report presents the adopted national HIV research priorities list and the procedures used.

 

 

Methods Up    Down

We adopted the Delphi approach, a common used method to reach research consensus by experts in diverse fields, including health research [5-7]. The Delphi´s method generally constitutes a series of steps which allow elucidation and aggregation of opinion from a working group of researchers or experts [7]. The Delphi method allows experts to provide inputs continuously and independently, during each stage in the process, rendering the approach less liable to bias by preventing strong opinions from influencing weaker ones [5,6].

The CAM-HERO Kribi conference researchers went through five major steps to reach a consensual list of five priority HIV research areas, as illustrated in Figure 1. Lead investigators from the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) and the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS/Clinical Research Education Networking and Consultancy research group (CRENC-IeDEA). CRENC-IeDEA (N=4) and EGPAF (N= 6) led the initial steps, supported by the Division of Health Operations Research (DROS) at the Cameroon MoH (N=3). As the process advanced, other actors working on diverse aspects of HIV research in Cameroon joined, including the National AIDS Control Committee (NACC) (N = 2), which is the arm of MoH in charge of HIV program coordination in Cameroon. Other major actors participated in the process, including the Cameroon office of ANRS, the French National Agency for AIDS Research (N=2), the Yaoundé Central Hospital HIV research group (N=1), and the Chantal Biya International HIV Research Centre (CIRCB, N=2).

Step one: generation of initial research priority list by individual working groups

Leading Cameroon based HIV research implementing partners and other stakeholders were invited to participate in the process. The CRENC-IeDEA and EGPAF working groups did an initial thorough literature scan, documentary review and consultations with other HIV experts and generated their initial research priority lists of questions. Under each of the 95 targets, and according to the areas of expertise, the working group members used relevant key words to search and generate relevant literature published after 2010. The researchers also reviewed online annual reports of major HIV partners including the annual reports of the NACC, the Cameroon country reports of the WHO, UNAIDS, CDC amongst others. Other leading HIV research and implementing partners joined the process and independently generated their HIV research priority lists during the same period. This led to a total of five working groups (N=5), representing the five research partners or institutions.

Step two: individual working group validation of research priorities

The generated lists from each of the working group were reviewed and validated by a bigger group in their respective organizations through interactive debates and discussions. This step ended with a validated list of priority research questions from each of the five working groups, summing up to a total of fifty-one research questions (N=51).

Step three: review and validation of research priorities in a larger meeting

During a general meeting, each of the five [8] working groups presented their respective research priorities to an audience of 32 researchers and stakeholders from 13 institutions including; policy makers from the Ministry of Health, researchers from research institutions and universities, ethicists, national implementing partners and HIV clinicians from different hospitals. General comments and open interactive debates from the meeting participants followed each presentation. The working groups noted relevant comments, appraisals, and new questions that arose from the meeting participants and incorporated in their list. The coordination team also noted areas of overlapped between research priorities from the different working groups. At the end of this step, we adopted a step 3 list of research priorities (N=41).

Step four: refinement and consolidation of research priorities

Through a series of sub meetings and teleconferences within and between working groups, we refined and consolidated the research priority list by identifying and synthesizing overlapping questions from different working groups. This led to a list of twelve research priorities (N=12).

Step 5: rating of research priorities

This final step was done to validate consensus on the final list of research priorities and rank the priorities in terms of their pertinence to the HIV Treat All strategy in Cameroon. During this step, participants of the larger meeting (step three) completed an online survey on ranking and rating of the research priorities in two steps. At first participants ranked the top five priorities out of the 12 and secondly, they rated each priority on a five-point scale.

We used these two rating approaches to independently determine the top five research priorities. In the first approach we encouraged the ranking scoring while the second approach permitted us to choose the question with the highest rating whenever we had more than one research priorities with the same ranking score. Overall, we had a 4/5 (80%) concordance for the first top 4 priority questions. The 5th question was selected through a consensus in a more restricted group (N=4 participants). Finally, for each research priority, examples of specific research questions were defined.

 

 

Results Up    Down

Number and main backgrounds of participants

A total of 32 people participated in at least one round of the process and 26 people participated in at least 2 rounds. The participants had diverse HIV research backgrounds and were from 11 different institutions located in different regions in Cameroon. The final ranking surveys was responded to by 26 participants, including policy makers (N=5), HIV program implementing partners (N=6), senior level researchers (N=5), junior level researchers (N=3), HIV clinician doctors and research nurses (N=5), ethicist (N=2).

Rating and consensus

The overall process to generate the list of top 5 research priorities by the group is presented in Figure 1. On further analysis to check for internal biases, we noted a general agreement (80%) between the top 5 priorities after the participants were stratified into two groups by level of experience and seniority in the field of HIV (expert group vs non expert group). The expert group had 100% agreement with the top 5 research priorities consensual list. The final research priority list which cut across different aspects of the HIV Treat All strategy are presented in Table 1. In total, 38 examples of specific research questions were defined for the 5 top priority research questions. Table 2, Table 2 (suite), Table 2 (suite 1), Table 2 (suite 2) illustrate the specific research question per research priority and suggest possible methods to achieve them.

Research priority 1

Monitor and assess ART effectiveness, safety and toxicity of old and new drugs: viral suppression rate, immunologic changes, toxicity and safety of newer ARVs including DTG based regimen in HIV population and pregnant women specifically, ARV drug viral resistances and early indicators, novel approaches to monitoring viral suppression.

Context: short- and long-term success of ART programmes depend on the effectiveness and safety of antiretrovirals, especially newer molecules. Old and newer ARVs have been shown to have varying effectiveness in achieving viral suppression in urban and rural settings in in Cameroon. In 2018, a nationwide survey reported a 12-24 months viral suppression rate of 75.0% (65.2-82.7) and 67.7% (58.3-75.8) in urban and rural Cameroon settings [9]. An alarming rates of drug resistance (> 17%) have been reported in both adults and children within the first 24 months of ART in Cameroon [9,10]. These reports indicate an urgent need for a very close viral load monitoring while enhancing strategies to improve ART adherence and timely ART initiation. Dolutegravir (DTG), which is the WHO strongly recommended drug of choice for first line treatment of HIV since 2019 [11], was rollout in Cameroon at the beginning of 2020 [12]. DTG was recommended following compelling evidences from many studies on its effectiveness in achieving viral suppression, relative safety and it´s relative cheaper cost [11,13-15]. Both DTG and other older ARV has been associated with long term cardiometabolic toxicities [14,16-18]. However, not very much have been reported on the effectiveness and safety of the relatively DTG in Cameroon. However, some recent evidences show rapid weight gain associated with DTG based regiments [19-23]. It is therefore important to ensure a closer monitoring of viral suppression rates and safety of ARVs, with particular attention to DTG in ART programmes in Cameroon. In addition, for any new ART, there should always be a door for local real world studies to clarify whether results observed under clinical trials in other populations are also observed in everyday clinical practice in Cameroon PLHV.

Research priority 2

Assess short- and long-term outcomes of ART in children and adolescents including physical and psychosocial development, morbidity and mortality, care outcomes from infancy to adolescence.

Context: despite the progress made towards the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV over decades, the mother to child (MTC) transmission of HIV remains relatively high in Cameroon, and the number of children diagnosed with HIV continue to rise, coupled with a rising mortality rate [24]. UNAIDS reported Cameroon amongst the 10 countries that make up 75% of all new paediatric HIV infections in 2015 [25] and WHO reported an alarming MTC HIV transmission rate of 12.8% in 2016 [26]. The trends seem not to have changed much over time. In 2019, 31 000 [24 000 - 38 000] Cameroonian children were living with HIV [27], and increase by just 1000 from 2011, suggestive of a very high mortality rate. A study in 2018 reported HIV as one of the leading causes of under-five mortality in Cameroon [28], and HIV has been associated with malnutrition in children, a leading cause of mortality in this group [29]. According to the Cameroon population based HIV impact assessment (CAMPHIA) report, children and adolescents are lagging behind adults in terms of ART coverage and viral suppression [30]. Reports on the long-term morbidity and mortality outcome of children on ART is relatively scarce. HIV has been associated with underweight and stunted growth as well as reduced cognitive development in children [31-34]. Understanding these factors could inform the provision of more holistic care to children living with HIV in Cameroon.

Research priority 3

Assess the interactions and impact of HIV and ART on aging, major chronic diseases such as hypertension, cancer and diabetes mellitus, and age-related morbidities like osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.

Context: the scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically increased the life expectancy of PLHV in Cameroon and across the globe. The longer life expectancy of PLHV is expected to change the demographics of the HIV epidemic, tilting the efforts towards dealing with the interactions between HIV, ART and major AIDS defining and non-AIDS defining comorbidities. The leading cause of death from HIV has moved from opportunistic infections to chronic diseases associated with aging [35-37]. Recent estimates in the US suggest that more than 70% of those with HIV will be over the age of 50 by 2030 [38]. Greater risk of cardiometabolic comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension have been reported amongst older PLHV on ART [39-42], all of which are highly prevalent in Cameroon [27,43]. The growing population of people aging with HIV in Cameroon requires particular care in order to ensure early diagnosis and treatment, ensuring preventative measures for both AIDS and non-AIDS defining co-morbidities. Prioritizing research on intervention to improve quality of life and care, preventing and controlling chronic comorbid conditions is increasingly important as Cameroon HIV positive patients grow older.

Research priority 4

Effectiveness of ART dispensation models and impact on short- and long-term ART adherence and retention: ART dispensation models including home based, Community based organization, private pharmacy, and multiple-month dispensation.

Context: the WHO recommended decentralisation and task-shifting as a core public health approach to enhance universal access to ART in resource-limited settings, where infrastructural and human resources are very limited [44]. More recent studies have reported compelling evidences that HIV treatment outcomes in nurse-led settings were comparable with those of physician-led ones, and effectiveness has also been demonstrated with community health workers [45-47]. The same light, decentralization of HIV care to primary care settings have been associated with comparable ART outcomes [48,49]. In same light, community dispensation of ART through community-based organizations (CBOs), community adherence clubs and HIV support groups were considered a promising and sustainable approaches to accelerating ART access in Cameroon. These models were adopted in the country´s strategic plan to accelerate and reinforce the provision of ART to all PLHV [50]. Cameroon piloted the community ART dispensation by CBOs in late 2016 and the model is gradually being scaled up in all the 10 regions of the country [51]. There is need to assess the short- and long-term impact of these community ART dispensation models on key ART outcomes such as ART adherence, ART retention and viral suppression.

Research priority 5

National surveys and evaluations of HIV treatment and prevention programs including: HIV test and treat strategy, self-testing, Pre-exposure Prohylaxis, cost effectiveness of interventions, sentinel surveillance of HIV disease burden, national AIDS spendings, and integrated surveys on priority populations.

Context: national surveys are the best ways to have population-based estimates of important health parameters and constitute main drivers to informing evidence-based policies at national levels. National level HIV surveys and evaluations are necessary to establish baselines and evaluation of progress towards attaining strategic goals of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACC) as well as global goals. A few national health surveys have been fairly consistent in Cameroon, including the National Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) which is done on a 7 years intervals, targets aspect on population-based prevalence of HIV, HIV testing, higher-risk sex as well as knowledge level of HIV prevention, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) [52]. The Cameroon population based HIV impact assessment was one of the major national HIV surveys which assessed progress towards the achievement of the HIV 95-95-95 targets, and highlighted HIV testing coverage and paediatric HIV care cascade as main areas requiring more efforts [30]. A national estimate on HIV viral suppression and drug resistant in 2015 reported alarming levels of virological failure and acquired HIV drug resistance in Cameroon, and recommended urgent need for better ART management, focused on improving ART adherence, availability of viral load monitoring, and more timely switches to second-line ART [9]. To informed national HIV strategies as well as their sustainability, more targeted nationwide surveys and evaluations of the effectiveness and efficiency and impact of existing national HIV strategies are needed. These include HIV self-testing, Pre-exposure prohylaxis, cost effectiveness of interventions, sentinel surveillance of HIV disease burden, national AIDS spendings, integrated surveys on priority populations.

Funding: the Krqibi meeting was funded by the Cameroon research group of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) and the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS-Clinical Research Education Networking and Consultancy research group (CRENC-IeDEA).

 

 

Discussion Up    Down

The research priorities identified in this study represented a consensus from a majority of the participants, including HIV researchers, policy makers, implementing partners, clinicians and members of independent ethical review boards. Because capacity to support HIV research is finite, and with the need of investments in other competitive health research areas by the same few funding agencies, we must ensure that we build our sustainable capacity to initiate and pursue research of particular importance to our population. This initiative was unique in its nature and constitute the first effort to define HIV/AIDS research priority in Cameroon. The identified priorities generally align with the strategic priorities of the Cameroon National AIDS Control Programme, Kenyan National HIV research priorities, research priorities to inform treat all implementation in sub-Saharan Africa as well as WHO priority for adolescent HIV research [53-55]. The top research priority, which is focused on the effectiveness, safety and toxicity of new and old ART, is a global HIV research priority, especially in an era where most researchers are concerned about the short- and long-term toxicity of new drugs including DTG. It was in this light that the WHO HIV Department and the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases put in place a global database for active toxicity monitoring of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to generate reliable evidence on the safety profile of new ARVs drugs including dolutegravir to address gaps in safety data [56]. Assessment of the effectiveness and close monitoring of ART drug resistance trends in Cameroon is critical, considering the reported alarming rates of drug resistance to the prior DTG ART regimens [9,10].

Current reports from UNAIDS and other international HIV research partners and stakeholders shows that paediatric and adolescent HIV care outcomes continue to lag behind adult HIV care outcomes [38,57]. This is coherent with the second research priority of this study, which focused on the short and long term paediatric and adolescent´s HIV outcomes. There´s an urgent need to focus limited research resources on this most needy children and adolescents living with HIV, with more emphasis on developing evidence based interventions to calve down the very high HIV morbidity, mortality and treatment failure rates in these children [10,28]. Research to understand and averting the negative impact of long term ART in children physical and cognitive development [31,32,34] are highly needed in Cameroon, if long term treatment of HIV in children is to be considered a positive phenomenon. In same light, rapidly increasing number of people aging with HIV and the shifting of the causes of HIV related deaths from opportunistic infections to age related comorbidities [35,36,58] is increasingly considered in the global HIV research agenda [59-61]. The research priority three which focussed on HIV and aging is therefore timely and consistent with global HIV research priorities. More research on the interaction between HIV, aging and age related comorbidities is particularly important in Cameroon, a country with a double burden of HIV and cardiometabolic comorbidities [43,62,63]. Within the context of the global HIV treat all strategy and attaining the 95-95-95 targets, the UNAIDS recommended broadening options for service delivery to reduce the burden on strained health systems and extend the reach of services, including greater use of community-based and rights-based approaches and new partnerships [64]. This is consistent with the research priority four, which focused on the effectiveness of ART dispensation models and impact on short- and long-term ART adherence and retention. Understanding how to maintain/strengthen the effectiveness hospital-based and community-based ARV dispensation, especially in a context of COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to maintain gains of years of the fight against HIV/AIDS as well as better outcomes for patients. In addition, identifying appropriate models of community ART dispensation with better ART outcomes in Cameroon is crucial to mitigate low usage of high-volume hospital in COVID-19 context and to inform and oriented the current scaling up community ART dispensation by CBOs as well as HIV support groups and adherence clubs. The fifth priority on national surveys and evaluations represents the overall needs of the Cameroon NACC to guide National HIV strategic planning and assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of existing national HIV strategies. This will help in reorientating and improving overall performance as well as ensuring sustainability of ongoing programs.

Strengths and limitations

A major strenght in this formulation and refining of our five national major HIV research priorities is the multi-disciplinary nature of experts who were engaged and participated including implementing partners and stakeholders from 13 institutions, working on diverse aspects of HIV, ranging from HIV research, program implementation, HIV policy and management, care delivery, and ethical review boards. The use of the Delphi´s approach, an approach with proven effectiveness in achieving consensus on health research priorities is the second major strenght. Thirdly, it is worth mentioning the active participation of more 85% of the participants in more than one round in the process reflected an effective coordination of the process, which is often a challenge in using the Delphi´s approach [65]. Fourthly, we used two different approaches with 80% concordance to rank the research priorities, and this further affirms the internal validity of the process. Last but not the least, our approach benefited from a direct involvement and support of the ministry of health which is the major stakeholder coordinating all activities for reaching the 95-95-95 goals. Notwithstanding, it is always possible that the process could have introduced some biases, especially as the final consensus could been unconsciously influenced by those with stronger opinions, especially during the larger meeting that was characterised by interactive open debates. Secondly, other stakeholders including the civil society and representatives of people living with HIV were not engaged at the beginning of the process. Finally, these research priorities are based on current knowledge about the pandemic and the science to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure HIV, we cannot rule out the possibility that COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted on years gain before the pandemic and therefore creating a more important gap to be filled.

 

 

Conclusion Up    Down

The Cameroon HIV research priorities generated during the Kribi conference using the Delphi approach process resulted from the consensus of a broad group of individuals engaged in accelerating the ‘treat all´ HIV policy and organized in the CAM-HERO consortium. This initiative was directly under the coordination of the Cameroon Ministry of Health, through its Division of Health Operational Research (DROS) and the National AIDS control committee (NACC) and highlighted critical areas of inquiry with potential relevance for the nation and for funders, for the regulatory bodies, and other programme strategies. It is therefore our deep hope that these priorities will guide the acceleration needed to meet the 95-95-95 goals in the entire nation, despite the COVID-19 pandemic.

What is known about this topic

  • The Treat-All remains the globally endorsed approach to attain the 95-95-95 targets and end the HIV/AIDS pandemic by 2030; Cameroon implemented the HIV Treat-All strategy nationwide in 2016;
  • In the 2018 Cameroon population-based HIV impact assessment (CAMPHIA) report, only 46.9% of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHV) knew their status, 91.3% of those who knew their status were on ART and 80.0% of those on ART had viral suppression;
  • There was no country-specific research agenda to inform strategies for improving Cameroon national HIV policy.

What this study adds

  • Under the patronage of the Cameroon Ministry of health, researchers, policymakers, implementing partners, and clinicians from 13 institutions used the Delphi method to arrive at a consensus of five HIV research priorities to accelerate the 95-95-95 targets;
  • These include: 1) Effectiveness, safety and active toxicity monitoring of new and old ARVs, 2) Outcomes of ART with focus in children and adolescents, 3) impact of HIV and ART on aging and major chronic diseases, 4) ART dispensation models and impact on adherence and retention, 5) Evaluations of HIV treatment and prevention programs;
  • Based on current data about the pandemic and the science to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure HIV, these priorities are critical areas of inquiry with potential relevance for the country, funders, and regulatory bodies.

 

 

Competing interests Up    Down

The authors declare no competing interests.

 

 

Authors' contributions Up    Down

All authors have contributed to this work. They have also read and agreed to the final manuscript.

 

 

Acknowledgments Up    Down

The authors thank the following persons for their support to the CAM-HERO initiative and the Kribi meeting: Dr. Manaouda Malachie, Cameroon Minister of Health; Dr Bonono Nyoto Leonard, Permanent Secretary, National AIDS Control Committee, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon; Professor Pefura Walter, Yaoundé Jamot Hospital; Victorine Nkome, CRENC; Falone Tientchou, CRENC; Lainsi Nasah, Limbe Regional hospital; Njie Ngeke, Bamenda Regional hospital; Ndi Nicoline, Yaoundé Jamot hospital; Mireille Teno, Limbe Regional hospital; Benjamin Atanga, DROS, Ministry of Health; Armel Zemsi, EGPAF; Emile Shu Nforbih, EGPAF, Madeleine Bakari, DROS; Fabrice Kamgang Youbi, Division of fight against diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Yves Patrick Tiojio Lontsi, EGPAF; Anoubissi Jean, CNLS. In addition, the authors would like to recognize the following invitees who could not attend but whose advices shaped methods and deliberations on the research priorities: Professor Ongolo Nzogo, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Centre pour le Dιveloppement des Bonnes Pratiques en Santι, Hτpital Central de Yaoundι, Cameroun; Professor Eugene Sobngwi, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences & Yaoundé Central Hospital. We are grateful to our US partners for their support: Dr Denis Nash, Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY SPH; Professor Marcel Yotebieng and Professor Kathryn Anastos, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York.

 

 

Tables and figure Up    Down

Table 1: Cameroon HIV research priorities

Table 2: specific research questions per research priority

Table 2 (suite): specific research questions per research priority

Table 2 (suite 1): specific research questions per research priority

Table 2 (suite 2): specific research questions per research priority

Figure 1: steps in the determination of research priorities

 

 

References Up    Down

  1. WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: what´s new. WHO. 2015. Cited 2021 Jan 12.

  2. UNAIDS Issues New Fast-Track Strategy to End AIDS by 2030 - EGPAF. Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation. 2014. Cited 2021 Jan 12.

  3. WHO in Cameroon annual report 2016. Cited 2021 Jan 12.

  4. Cameroon Population Based HIV Impact Assessment (CAMPHIA) report. PHIA Project. 2018. Cited 2021 Jan 12.

  5. Diamond IR, Grant RC, Feldman BM, Pencharz PB, Ling SC, Moore AM et al. Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014 Apr;67(4):401-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Jorm AF. Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;49(10):887-97. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Jones J, Hunter D. Consensus methods for medical and health services research. BMJ. 1995 Aug 5;311(7001):376-80. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. National Library of Medicine. Search results page for the search terms “HIV, Cameroon”. Cited 2020 Dec 24.

  9. MEDBOX. Nationwide Estimates of Viral Load Suppression and Acquired HIV Drug. Cited 2021 May 9.

  10. HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Genetic Diversity among Vertically Infected Cameroonian Children and Adolescents. Cited 2021 May 9.

  11. WHO. Dolutegravir recommended for all in new World Health Organization guidelines. 2019. Cited 2021 May 9.

  12. Cameroon Ministry of Public Health. Cameroon Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2019. 2020.

  13. Huda Taha, Archik Das, Satyajit Das. Clinical effectiveness of dolutegravir in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Infect Drug Resist. 2015 Oct 1;8:339-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Kanters S, Vitoria M, Zoratti M, Doherty M, Penazzato M, Rangaraj A et al. Comparative efficacy, tolerability and safety of dolutegravir and efavirenz 400mg among antiretroviral therapies for first-line HIV treatment: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Nov;28:100573. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Mondi A, Cozzi Lepri A, Tavelli A, Rusconi S, Vichi F, Ceccherini Silberstein F et al. Effectiveness of dolutegravir based regimens as either first line or switch antiretroviral therapy: data from the Icona cohort. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019 Jan;22(1):e25227. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Limas TG, Pinto Gde A, Marcato LM, Coelho DR. Analysis of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in individuals with HIV and its association with antiretroviral therapy. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2014;47(5):547-51. Google Scholar

  17. Caramelli B, Bernoche CYSM de, Sartori AMC, Sposito AC, Santos RD, Monachini MC et al. Hyperlipidemia related to the use of HIV-protease inhibitors: natural history and results of treatment with fenofibrate. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 Dec;5(6):332-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Palacios R, Santos J, Garcia A, Castells E, Gonzalez M, Ruiz J et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. A prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Medicine. 2006 Jan;7(1):10-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Bhaskaran K, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3•6 million adults in the UK. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2018 Dec 1;6(12):944-53. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Li J, Yusuf EH, Agwu AL. Excessive weight gain associated with dolutegravir initiation in a 10-year-old female with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus: a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Apr 3;10(3):373-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Bourgi K, Rebeiro PF, Turner M, Castilho JL, Hulgan T, Raffanti SP et al. Greater weight gain in treatment-naive persons starting Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 17;70(7):1267-74. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Thivalapill N, Simelane T, Mthethwa N, Dlamini S, Lukhele B, Okello V et al. Transition to dolutegravir is associated with an increase in the rate of BMI change in a cohort of virally suppressed adolescents. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 29. PubMed

  23. Julie Ake. Weight gain and hyperglycemia during the dolutegravir transition in Africa. 2020. Cited 2021 Apr 30.

  24. UNICEF Cameroon. UNICEF Cameroon Country Programme 2018-2020. 2017.

  25. UNAIDS Report 2015. 2015.

  26. WHO Cameroon. WHO: Cameroon HIV country profil 2016. 2016. Cited 2021 May 9.

  27. UNAIDS, Cameroon. Cameroon UNAIDS 2019 statistics. 2019 Cited 2021 May 9.

  28. Njuma Libwea J, Bebey Kingue SR, Taku Ashukem N, Kobela M, Boula A, Sinata KS et al. Assessing the causes of under-five mortality and proportion associated with pneumococcal diseases in Cameroon. A case-finding retrospective observational study: 2006-2012. Boum Y, editor. PLOS ONE. 2019 Apr 17;14(4):e0212939. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Penda CI, Eboumbou Moukoko EC, Nolla NP, Evindi Abomo ON, Koki Ndombo P. Malnutrition among HIV infected children under 5 years of age at the Laquintinie hospital Douala, Cameroon. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018;30:91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Cameroon Population Based HIV Impact Assessment (CAMPHIA) report. PHIA Project. 2018. Cited 2021 Jan 12.

  31. Knight WG. Effects of pediatric HIV infection on mental and psychomotor development. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2000 Dec 1;25(8):583-7. PubMed

  32. Sherr L, Hensels IS, Tomlinson M, Skeen S, Macedo A. Cognitive and physical development in HIV-positive children in South Africa and Malawi: a community-based follow-up comparison study. Child: Care, Health and Development. 2018 Jan;44(1):89-98. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. King E, De Silva M, Stein A, Patel V. Interventions for improving the psychosocial well-being of children affected by HIV and AIDS. Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 Apr 15;2009(2):CD006733. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Linda Richter. The impact of HIV/AID on the development of children. Cited 2021 May 9.

  35. Önen NF, Overton ET, Seyfried W, Stumm ER, Snell M, Mondy K et al. Aging and HIV Infection: a comparison between older HIV-infected persons and the general population. HIV Clinical Trials. 2015 Jan 6;11(2):100-9. Google Scholar

  36. Hentzien M, Dramé M, Allavena C, Jacomet C, Valantin MA, Cabié A et al. Impact of age-related comorbidities on five-year overall mortality among elderly HIV-infected patients in the late HAART era - Role of chronic renal disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016 Apr;20(4):408-14. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Havlir DV. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. The Lancet. 2013 Nov;382(9903):1525-33. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Wing EJ. The aging population with HIV infection. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2017;128:131-44. Google Scholar

  39. Getahun Z, Azage M, Abuhay T, Abebe F. Comorbidity of HIV, hypertension, and diabetes and associated factors among people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Journal of Comorbidity. 2020 Mar 15;10:2235042X1989931. PubMed | Google Scholar

  40. Diouf A, Cournil A, Ba-Fall K, Ngom-Guèye NF, Eymard-Duvernay S, Ndiaye I et al. Diabetes and Hypertension among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment Since 1998 in Senegal: Prevalence and Associated Factors. ISRN AIDS. 2012 Dec 1;2012:1-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  41. Fahme SA, Bloomfield GS, Peck R. Hypertension in HIV-infected Adults. Hypertension. 2018 Jul;72(1):44-55. PubMed

  42. Palacios R, Santos J, García A, Castells E, González M, Ruiz J et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV?infected patients. A prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Medicine. 2006 Jan 1;7(1):10-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  43. Anastase Dzudie, Jean M Fourie, Wihan Scholtz, Oana Scarlatescu, George Nel, Samuel Kingue. PASCAR and WHF Cardiovascular Diseases Scorecard project. 2020. Cardiovasc J Afr. Mar/Apr 2020;31(2):103-110. PubMed

  44. Gilks CF, Crowley S, Ekpini R, Gove S, Perriens J, Souteyrand Y et al. The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings. The Lancet. 2006 Aug;368(9534):505-10. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. WHO. A systematic review of task- shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa. WHO. Cited 2021 May 9.

  46. Crowley T, Mayers P. Trends in task shifting in HIV treatment in Africa: Effectiveness, challenges and acceptability to the health professions. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. 2015 Jan;7(1):1-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  47. Chen B, Alam M. STRETCHing HIV treatment: A replication study of task shifting in South Africa. Ojikutu BO, editor. PLOS ONE. 2019 Apr 8;14(4):e0206677. PubMed | Google Scholar

  48. Reidy WJ, Sheriff M, Wang C, Hawken M, Koech E, Elul B et al. Decentralization of HIV Care and Treatment Services in Central Province, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Sep 1;67(1):e34-e40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  49. Boyer S, Protopopescu C, Marcellin F, Carrieri MP, Koulla-Shiro S, Moatti JP et al. Performance of HIV care decentralization from the patient´s perspective: health-related quality of life and perceived quality of services in Cameroon. Health Policy Plan. 2012 Jul 1;27(4):301-15. PubMed | Google Scholar

  50. Kameni BS, Nansseu JR, Tatah SA, Bigna JJ. Sustaining the community dispensation strategy of HIV antiretroviral through community participation. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2019 Jan 24;8:1. PubMed | Google Scholar

  51. Cameroon National AIDS Control Committee Annual Report 2019. 2019.

  52. National Institute of Statistics (Cameroon) and ICF. 2018 Demographic and Health Survey Summary Report. Cameroon. 2020

  53. Armstrong A, Nagata JM, Vicari M, Irvine C, Cluver L, Sohn AH et al. A Global Research Agenda for Adolescents Living With HIV. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2018 Aug 15;78(1):S16-S21. PubMed | Google Scholar

  54. CIPHER, WHO. A global research agenda for adolescents living with HIV. 2017.

  55. Yotebieng M, Brazier E, Addison D, Kimmel AD, Cornell M, Keiser O et al. Research priorities to inform “Treat All” policy implementation for people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a consensus statement from the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (Ie DEA). Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2019 Jan 18;22(1):e25218. Google Scholar

  56. WHO TDR. WHO global database for active toxicity monitoring of the safety of new antiretroviral drugs in adults, adolescents and children. Cited 2021 May 16.

  57. UNAIDS. Children living with HIV lagging behind adults in access to treatment. 2019. Cited 2021 May 16.

  58. UNICEF. UNICEF: working to end AIDS for every child. 2018.

  59. UNAIDS. HIV and aging: a special supplement to the UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. 2013. Cited 2021 May 16.

  60. Schmid G. The unexplored story of HIV and ageing. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009 Mar 1;87(3):162-162. PubMed | Google Scholar

  61. Aging with HIV. Cited 2021 May 16.

  62. Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Katte JC, Noubiap JJ. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults residing in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2018 Mar 1;137:109-18. PubMed | Google Scholar

  63. Defo BK, Mbanya JC, Kingue S, Tardif JC, Choukem SP, Perreault S et al. Blood pressure and burden of hypertension in Cameroon, a microcosm of Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Journal of Hypertension. 2019 Nov;37(11):2190-2199. Google Scholar

  64. UNAIDS. Understanding fast track: accelerating action to end the AIDS pandemic by 2030. Cited 2021 May 16.

  65. Trevelyan EG, Robinson PN. Delphi methodology in health research: how to do it? European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2015;4(7):423-8. Google Scholar