Spermatic vein thrombosis with lupus anticoagulant, a cause of acute inguinal pain: a case report

¹Department of Urology, Mohamed VI University Hospital Center, Mohamed First Oujda, Morroco

^&Corresponding author
Mohammed Aynaou, Department of Urology, Mohamed VI University Hospital Center, Mohamed First Oujda, Morroco

Introduction    

Spermatic vein thrombosis is a rare event which can be difficult to diagnose. Multiple predisposing factors have been associated with Spontaneous Spermatic vein thrombosis, like malignant tumors, coagulopathies and varicocele [1]. We present a case of spermatic vein thrombosis in the left spermatic vein.

Patient and observation     

A 27-year-old male, with no previous health problems, was admitted with a 1-week history of painful in the left inguinal region, without fever or any associated signs. He denied any etiologic factors like trauma, surgeries, severe exercise or thrombogenic factors. Inguinal region, scrotum and prostate were normal to palpation. Initial laboratory test, were normal. Doppler ultrasonography of left inguinal region demonstrated an expanded vein which contained thrombus (Figure 1) with no blood flow at Doppler (Figure 2). Scrotal Doppler ultrasound (Figure 3) and Total abdomen contrast-enhanced CT examination excluded other diseases (Figure 4). Complete biology workup was negative, except lupus Anticoagulant was positive. A medical treatment of anticoagulant at a curative dose was started. After 15 days, the patient´s inguinal pain was completely disappeared. Three months later, inguinal ultrasound revealed no residual evidence of spermatic vein thrombosis.

Discussion     

Spermatic vein thrombosis is a rare pathology, it can clinically simulate an incarcerated hernia [2]. In addition, there is another differential diagnosis such as spermatic cord torsion, benign and malignant tumors of spermatic cord [3-5]. Several etiologic factors are associated with spermatic vein thrombosis, likes trauma to the vascular endothelium, obstruction to venous drainage, hypercoagulable states, vigorous sexual activity or sport activity, infection, tumors of the genitor urinary tract and inguinal hernia surgery etc. [6]. Doppler ultrasound offers a non-invasive and accurate means of establishing and confirming the diagnosis. Lupus anticoagulants are associated with an increased incidence of venous and arterial thrombotic events [7-9]. In the literature we report cases of venous thrombosis of pulmonary [9], retinal [10], renal [11] and cerebral [12]. Several mechanisms of thrombosis induced by lupus anticoagulant includes antiphospholipid activity [13], inhibition of prostacyclin formation [14], prekallikrein inhibition [15] and direct injury of the vessel wall by an antibody-antigen complex [8]. The management of thrombosis of spermatic vein is controversial. For Thrombosis venous localized out of external inguinal ring we can propose conservative management including watchful observation. Whereas for deep seated spermatic vein thrombus inside the external inguinal ring, surgical approach May prevent pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulant therapy can be used clinically.

Conclusion     

Spermatic vein thrombosis is particularly rare disease. Ultrasound should be the first line examination to avoid exploratory surgery.

Competing interests     

The authors declare no competing interests.

Authors' contributions     

Mohammed Aynaou, Tarik Mhanna, Amine Elhoumaidi and Paapa Dua Boateng contributed to the design and implementation of the research and to the writing of the manuscript. Ali Barki supervised the manuscript. All of them have read and agreed to the final manuscript.

Figures     

Figure 1: ultrasonography demonstrated tubular structure hypoechoic non compressed consistent with thrombus

Figure 2: color Doppler signal was not presented inside the hypoechoic structure

Figure 3: left testicular without abnormality

Figure 4: absence of renal masses on the abdominal CT scan

References