An outbreak of hepatitis E in a Rural Area of Islamabad, Pakistan in April-May 2019: a teaching case-study
Nosheen Ashraf, Wasif Malik, Mumtaz Ali Khan, Jamil A. Ansari, Aamer Ikram
Corresponding author: Nosheen Ashraf, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan 
Received: 03 Jul 2020 - Accepted: 29 Jul 2020 - Published: 06 Aug 2020
Domain: Infectious diseases epidemiology
Keywords: Hepatitis E, water contamination, Pakistan
This article is published as part of the supplement Teaching case-studies in Field Epidemiology with a focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Region, commissioned by The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET).
©Nosheen Ashraf et al. Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cite this article: Nosheen Ashraf et al. An outbreak of hepatitis E in a Rural Area of Islamabad, Pakistan in April-May 2019: a teaching case-study. Pan African Medical Journal. 2020;36(1):14. [doi: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.36.1.24779]
Available online at: https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/series/36/1/14/full
PDF in process Case study 
An outbreak of hepatitis E in a Rural Area of Islamabad, Pakistan in April-May 2019: a teaching case-study
An outbreak of hepatitis E in a Rural Area of Islamabad, Pakistan in April-May 2019: a teaching case-study
Nosheen Ashraf1,&, Wasif Malik1, Mumtaz Ali Khan1, Jamil A. Ansari1, Aamer Ikram1
&Corresponding author
Hepatitis E is an acute viral infection caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). An estimated 20 million HEV infections occurred worldwide and 3.3 million became symptomatic. The transmission route of the virus is fecal-oral via water contamination. This disease is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries with no proper sanitation system, water supply, and hygiene and health services. Sporadic cases of Hepatitis E occur throughout the year in Pakistan. Pakistan is a highly endemic area for Hepatitis E and small epidemics occur in different cities of the country. HEV is transmitted when sewage water mixes and contaminates the water supply pipelines due to broken pipelines or open drainage systems. Anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies are the serological markers to confirm the cases, also HEV´s RNA is a useful epidemiological marker. The incubation period of the virus ranges from 2 to 10 weeks, with an average of 40 days. The goal of this case study is to develop student´s capabilities in investigating outbreaks. This case study will help students learn about the methods of outbreak investigation and the features of an outbreak which could help them analyze surveillance data in order to find the causes of an outbreak. The case study will also help students determine the environmental factors leading to disease outbreaks, the significance of creating public awareness about an outbreak and the necessary preventive measures, multi-sectorial involvement towards preventing disease outbreaks in the community, and creating contingency action plans for outbreaks.
General instructions: this case study should be used as adjunct training material for novice epidemiology trainees to reinforce the concepts taught in prior lectures. The case study is ideally taught by a facilitator in groups of about 20 participants. Participants are to take turns reading the case study, usually a paragraph per student. The facilitator guides the discussion on possible responses to questions. The facilitator may make use of flip charts to illustrate certain points. Additional instructor´s notes for facilitation are coupled with each question in the instructor´s guide to aid facilitation.
Audience: this case study was developed for novice field epidemiology students. These participants are commonly health care workers working in the county departments of health whose background may be as medical doctors, nurses, environmental health officers or laboratory scientists who work in public health-related fields. Most have a health science or biology background.
Prerequisites: before using this case study, participants should have received lectures on disease surveillance and outbreak investigation.
Materials needed: Flash drive, flip charts, markers, computers with MS Excel
Level of training and associated public health activity: Novice - Outbreak Investigation
Time required: 2-3 hours
Language: English
- Download the case study student guide (PDF - 679 KB)
- Request the case study facilitator guide
The authors declare no competing interests.
We wish to acknowledge the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) for their support to develop this case study. We would also like to acknowledge the team at the National Institute of Health, Islamabad, who conducted the outbreak investigation on which this case study is based.
Annex 1: the questionnaire (page 1)
Annex 2: the questionnaire (page 2)
Annex 3: Excel sheet (Hepatitis E outbreak all suspected and confirmed cases)
Annex 4: Hepatitis E cases
- World Health Organization. Hepatitis. 8 July 2019.
- WHO-Eastern Mediterranean regional organization. Eastern Mediterranean Health JournalWHO-Eastern Mediterranean regional organization Iftikhar Ahmed Malik and Waheed uz Zaman Tariq Available from: . PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nimgaonkar I, Ding Q, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Hepatitis E virus: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;15(2):96-110. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Himmelsbach K, Bender D, Hildt E. Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018 Nov 29;7(1):196. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kamar Nassim, Bendall Richard, Legrand-Abravanel Florence, Xia Ning-Shao, Ijaz Samreen et al. Hepatitis E. The Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2477-2488. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Shahzad F, Atiq M, Ejaz S, Hameed S. Hepatitis E: review of a disease endemic in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2001 Apr;51(4):166-9. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Government of Pakistan. Capital Development Authority. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- Google earth pro used for maps. Google earth. 8 july 2019.
Search
This article authors
On Pubmed
On Google Scholar
Citation [Download]
Navigate this article
Similar articles in
Key words
This supplement
Article metrics
Recently from the PAMJ
Authors´ services
