|
Table 1: Demographic, behavioural and psychopathological characteristics of study participant in the three treatment centres (n; %) |
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|
Clinics |
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|
Clinic 1 |
Clinic 2 |
Clinic 3 |
Total |
p-value |
|
|
n =17 |
n = 30 |
n = 48 |
n = 95 |
|
|
|
Mean Age (SD) |
21.7 (3.5) |
23.2 (3.0) |
23.4 (2.6) |
23.0 (2.9) |
0.111 |
|
Gender Male |
16 (94.1) |
24 (80.0) |
45 (93.8) |
85 (89.5) |
0.151 |
|
Racially Classified Social Group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
White |
3 (17.7) |
1 (3.3) |
0 |
4 (4.2) |
0.066 |
|
Coloured |
13 (76.5) |
27 (90.0) |
44 (91.7) |
84 (88.4) |
|
|
Indian |
1 (5.9) |
2 (6.7) |
4 (8.3) |
7 (7.4) |
|
|
Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Muslim |
2 (11.8) |
27 (90.0) |
36 (75.0) |
65 (68.4) |
<0.001 |
|
Christian |
15 (88.2) |
3 (10.0) |
11 (22.9) |
29 (30.5) |
|
|
None |
0 |
0 |
1 (1.1) |
|
|
|
Highest educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary school |
1 (5.9) |
0 |
2 (4.2) |
3 (3.2) |
0.176 |
|
Secondary school |
16 (94.1) |
24 (80.0) |
42 (87.5) |
82 (86.3) |
|
|
Tertiary |
0 |
6 (20.0) |
4 (8.3) |
10 (10.5) |
|
|
Referral source |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Self |
10 (58.8) |
18 (60.0) |
30 (62.5) |
58 (61.1) |
0.250 |
|
Family |
3 (17.6) |
11 (36.7) |
13 (27.1) |
27 (28.4) |
|
|
Other |
4 (23.5) |
1 (3.3) |
5 (10.4) |
10 (10.5) |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never married |
15 (88.2) |
22 (73.3) |
37 (77.1) |
74 (77.9) |
0.488 |
|
Other |
2 (11.8) |
8 (25.7) |
11 (22.9) |
21 (22.1) |
|
|
Living arrangements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Live alone |
0 |
0 |
2 (4.2) |
2 (2.1) |
0.819 |
|
Live with immediate family |
16 (94.1) |
29 (96.7) |
42 (87.5) |
87 (91.6) |
|
|
Other |
1 (5.9) |
1 (3.3) |
4 (8.3) |
6 (6.3) |
|
|
Employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed |
7 (41.2) |
18 (60.0) |
27 (56.3) |
52 (54.7) |
0.186 |
|
Casually employed |
1 (5.9) |
2 (6.7) |
4 (8.3) |
7 (7.4) |
|
|
Permanently employed |
7 (41.2) |
7 (23.3) |
17 (35.4) |
31 (32.6) |
|
|
Other |
2 (11.8) |
3 (10.0) |
0 |
5 (5.3) |
|
|
Usual employment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Professional |
0 |
0 |
1 (2.1) |
1 (1.1) |
0.635 |
|
Skilled |
6 (35.3) |
10 (33.3) |
18 (37.5) |
34 (35.8) |
|
|
Unskilled |
4 (23.5) |
10 (33.3) |
16 (33.3) |
30 (31.6) |
|
|
None/student/scholar |
7 (41.2) |
8 (26.7) |
8 (16.7) |
23 (24.2) |
|
|
Other |
0 |
2 (6.7) |
5 (10.4) |
7 (7.4) |
|
|
Age of first substance use (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 14 |
13 (76.5) |
13 (43.3) |
23 (47.9) |
49 (51.6) |
0.127 |
|
15 17 |
3 (17.6) |
11 (36.7) |
18 (37.5) |
32 (33.7) |
|
|
18 20 |
0 |
5 (16.7) |
7 (14.6) |
12 (12.6) |
|
|
21 24 |
1 (5.9) |
1 (3.3) |
0 |
2 (2.1) |
|
|
Mean (SD) |
13.6 (2.4) |
15.1 (2.6) |
14.8 (2.3) |
14.7 (2.4) |
|
|
First substance of use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alcohol |
4 (23.5) |
0 |
3 (6.3) |
7 (7.4) |
0.163 |
|
Cannabis |
8 (47.1) |
16 (53.3) |
25 (52.1) |
49 (51.6) |
|
|
Ecstasy |
0 |
5 (16.7) |
4 (8.3) |
9 (9.5) |
|
|
Heroin |
1 (5.9) |
2 (6.7) |
3 (6.3) |
6 (6.3) |
|
|
Methaqualone (mandrax) |
0 |
2 (6.7) |
0 |
2 (2.1) |
|
|
Crystal methamphetamine (tik) |
4 (23.5) |
3 (10.0) |
10 (20.8) |
17 (17.9) |
|
|
Multiple |
0 |
2 (6.7) |
3 (6.3) |
5 (5.3) |
|
|
Primary substance of use |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
|
Alcohol |
3 (17.6) |
0 |
0 |
3 (3.2) |
|
|
Cannabis |
4 (23.5) |
0 |
1 (2.1) |
5 (5.3) |
|
|
Heroin |
2 (11.8) |
20 (66.7) |
29 (60.4) |
51 (53.7) |
|
|
Crystal methamphetamine (tik) |
7 (41.2) |
8 (26.7) |
17 (35.4) |
32 (33.7) |
|
|
Methaqualone (mandrax) |
0 |
1 (3.3) |
0 |
1 (1.1) |
|
|
Multiple |
1 (5.9) |
0 |
1 (2.1) |
2 (2.1) |
|
|
Frequency of use of primary substance |
|
|
|
|
0.844 |
|
Daily |
15 (88.2) |
28 (93.3) |
43 (89.6) |
86 (90.5) |
|
|
Few times a week |
1 (5.9) |
2 (6.7) |
3 (6.3) |
6 (6.3) |
|
|
Sometimes |
1 (5.9) |
0 |
2 (4.2) |
3 (3.2) |
|
|
Intensity/Volume of primary substance use |
|
|
|
|
0.509 |
|
As much as I can obtain |
11 (64.7) |
14 (46.7) |
31 (64.6) |
56 (58.9) |
|
|
As much as I can afford to buy |
6 (35.3) |
15 (50.0) |
16 (33.3) |
37 (38.9) |
|
|
Other |
0 |
1 (3.3) |
1 (2.1) |
2 (2.1) |
|
|
Previous treatment for substance use |
|
|
|
|
0.081 |
|
None |
11 (64.7) |
12 (40.0) |
19 (39.6) |
42 (44.2) |
|
|
Once in past year |
3 (17.6) |
2 (6.7) |
8 (16.7) |
13 (13.7) |
|
|
More than once in past year |
0 |
5 (16.7) |
12 (25.0) |
17 (17.9) |
|
|
More than a year ago |
3 (17.6) |
11 (36.7) |
9 (18.8) |
23 (24.2) |
|
|
Age of first treatment for substance use (years) |
|
|
|
|
0.139
|
|
10 14 |
1 (16.7) |
2 (11.1) |
0 |
3 (5.7) |
|
|
15 17 |
0 |
4 (22.2) |
7 (24.1) |
11 (20.8) |
|
|
18 20 |
5 (83.3) |
7 (38.9) |
13 (44.8) |
25 (47.2) |
|
|
21 24 |
0 |
3 (16.7) |
9 (31.0) |
12 (22.6) |
|
|
>24 |
0 |
2 (11.1) |
0 |
2 (3.8) |
|
|
Mean age of first treatment for substance use (SD) |
17.5 (3.3) |
18.9 (3.9) |
19.3 (2.6) |
19 (3.1) |
0.454 |
|
Psychopathology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No previous diagnosis of psychopathology |
15 (88.2) |
29 (96.7) |
47 (97.9) |
91 (95.8) |
0.298 |
|
Generalised anxiety disorder |
3 (17.6) |
1 (3.3) |
1 (2.1) |
5 (5.3) |
0.059 |
|
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
3 (17.6) |
5 (16.7) |
6 (12.5) |
14 (14.7) |
0.065 |
|
Depression |
6 (35.3) |
9 (30.0) |
9 (18.8) |
24 (25.3) |
0.291 |
|
Mania |
6 (35.3) |
1 (3.3) |
5 (10.4) |
12 (12.6) |
0.007 |
|
Schizophrenia |
0 |
2 (6.7) |
0 |
2 (2.1) |
0.128 |
|
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
2 (11.8) |
1 (3.3) |
1 (2.1) |
4 (4.2) |
0.298 |
|
Eating disorder |
0 |
2 (6.7) |
2 (4.2) |
4 (4.2) |
0.656 |
|
Separation anxiety |
1 (5.9) |
2 (6.7) |
2 (4.2) |
5 (5.3) |
0.848 |
|
Oppositional defiant disorder |
7 (41.2) |
10 (33.3) |
15 (31.1) |
32 (33.7) |
0.771 |
|
Conduct disorder |
10 (58.8) |
18 (60.0) |
36 (75.0) |
64 (67.4) |
0.263 |
|
Antisocial personality disorder |
14 (82.4) |
26 (86.7) |
43 (89.6) |
83 (87.4) |
0.657 |
|
Pain disorder |
3 (17.7) |
4 (13.3) |
3 (6.3) |
10 (10.5) |
0.330 |
|
Specific phobia |
4 (23.5) |
5 (16.7) |
6 (12.5) |
15 (15.8) |
0.565 |
|
Substance dependence |
12 (70.6) |
29 (96.7) |
46 (95.8) |
87 (91.6) |
0.007 |
|
Substance abuse |
4 (23.5) |
5 (16.7) |
6 (12.5) |
15 (15.8) |
0.606 |
|
Comparisons between clinics based on Kruskal-Wallis testing for age, and on chi-squared test for other sociodemographic variables Fishers Exact testing for expected frequencies <5 |
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