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Table 4: Adjusted associations between anxiety and mood disorders and substance use using regression analyses |
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Tobacco Use |
Alcohol Use |
Cannabis |
Other substancesa |
Non-medical use of prescription drugs b |
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|
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
|
Lifetime DSM-IV Disorders |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anxiety Disorders |
Panic Disorder |
3.1 (0.7-13.7) |
0.129 |
2.5 (0.8-7.8) |
0.0124 |
1.4 (0.2-11.3) |
0.731 |
3.1 (0.3-33.5) |
0.349 |
9.5 (2.5-36.5) |
0.001 |
|
GAD with hierarchy |
3.0 (1.0-9.4) |
0.061 |
1.5 (0.6-3.8) |
0.373 |
3.2 (0.9-12.2) |
0.082 |
2.0 (0.2-17.6) |
0.516 |
1.87 (0.7-5.1) |
0.214 |
|
|
Social Phobia |
3.9 (1.5-10.1) |
0.006 |
3.0 (1.1-7.9) |
0.030 |
2.9 (1.1-7.5) |
0.025 |
2.3 (0.3-21.6) |
0.460 |
1.7 (0.9-3.4) |
0.113 |
|
|
Agoraphobia |
1.2 (0.8-2.1) |
0.390 |
1.6 (1.0-2.5) |
0.044 |
1.0 (0.6-1.8) |
0.997 |
0.4 (0.1-2.0) |
0.266 |
1.0 (0.7-1.4) |
0.966 |
|
|
PTSD |
2.7 (0.8-9.1) |
0.119 |
5.2 (2.0-13.4) |
0.001 |
8.1 (2.3-29.2) |
0.002 |
12.5 (3.9-40.6) |
<0.001 |
0.8 (0.2-2.8) |
0.712 |
|
|
Any anxiety disorder |
1.8 (1.1-2.9) |
0.011 |
2.0 (1.3-3.2) |
0.004 |
1.7 (0.9-3.3) |
0.087 |
2.4 (0.8-6.8) |
0.108 |
1.2 (0.9-1.7) |
0.247 |
|
|
Mood Disorders |
Major Depression |
3.0 (1.7-5.4) |
<0.001 |
2.7 (1.8-3.9) |
<0.001 |
3.1 (1.8-5.5) |
<0.001 |
5.6 (17-18.1) |
0.005 |
1.8 (1.2-2.0) |
0.011 |
|
Any anxiety or mood disorder |
2.2 (1.4-3.2) |
<0.001 |
2.1 (1.5-3.1) |
<0.001 |
2.2 (1.3-3.6) |
0.003 |
4.0 (1.5-11.1) |
0.008 |
1.5 (1.1-2.0) |
0.020 |
|
|
12-month DSM-IV Disorders |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anxiety Disorders |
Panic Disorder |
6.9 (1.5-31.7) |
0.014 |
2.3 (0.6-8.5) |
0.215 |
2.1 (0.3-16.3) |
0.471 |
4.3 (0.4-52.8) |
0.247 |
50.5 (9.5-268.4) |
<0.001 |
|
GAD with hierarchy |
6.2 (1.5-25.7) |
0.012 |
3.1 (0.9-10.3) |
0.065 |
5.5 (1.2-25.4) |
0.028 |
2.9 (0.3-27.6) |
0.356 |
1.3 (0.3-5.1) |
0.723 |
|
|
Social Phobia |
3.5 (1.0-12.9) |
0.059 |
2.7 (0.9-8.0) |
0.066 |
4.4 (1.5-13.0) |
0.009 |
3.7 (0.3-42.6) |
0.296 |
2.2 (1.0-5.1) |
0.063 |
|
|
Agoraphobia |
1.9 (1.1-3.1) |
0.016 |
1.5 (0.7-3.0) |
0.289 |
1.7 (0.7-3.8) |
0.216 |
- |
- |
0.8 (0.5-1.3) |
0.356 |
|
|
PTSD |
3.1 (0.4-24.2) |
0.276 |
5.9 (1.3-27.6) |
0.025 |
10.4 (1.5-70.1) |
0.017 |
7.5 (0.7-75.2) |
0.086 |
- |
- |
|
|
Any anxiety disorder |
2.9 (1.8-4.6) |
<0.001 |
2.0 (1.0-3.8) |
0.043 |
2.6 (1.2-5.6) |
0.012 |
2.2 (0.5-9.9) |
0.284 |
1.3 (0.8-2.0) |
0.302 |
|
|
Mood Disorders |
Major Depression |
4.7 (2.2-10.0) |
<0.001 |
3.0 (1.7-5.4) |
<0.001 |
6.3 (3.0-13.2) |
<0.001 |
10.2 (2.8-37.0) |
0.001 |
1.9 (1.0-3.8) |
0.060 |
|
Any anxiety or mood disorder |
3.8 (2.5-5.8) |
<0.001 |
2.4 (1.5-3.7) |
<0.001 |
4.1 (2.3-7.4) |
<0.001 |
4.7 (1.6-14.4) |
0.006 |
1.4 (1.0-2.1) |
0.058 |
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† Adjusted for age and gender; a cocaine, heroin, opium, glue, LSD, peyote; b non-medical use of sedatives, tranquilisers, stimulants, analgesics; Note: GAD= generalised anxiety disorder; PTSD= post-traumatic stress disorder |
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