References

  1. Angamo MT, Melese BH, Ayen WY. Determinants of glycemic control among insulin treated diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia: hospital based cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61759. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Mohsin F, Craig ME, Cusumano J, Chan AK, Hing S, Lee JW et al. Discordant trends in microvascular complications in adolescents with type 1 diabetes from 1990 to 2002. Diabetes Care. 2005:28(8):1974-1980. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Orchard TJ, Forrest KY, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Lipid and blood pressure treatment goals for type 1 diabetes: 10-year incidence data from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes study. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jun;24(6):1053-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Sustained effect of intensive treatmentof type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (EDIC) study. JAMA. 2003:290(16):2159-2167. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Donaghue KC, Fung AT, Hing S, Fairchild J, King J, Chan A et al. The effect of prepubertal diabetes duration on diabetes: microvascular complications in early and late adolescence. Diabetes Care. 1997:20(1):77-80. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. DilibertI JH, Lorenz RA. Long-term trends in childhood diabetes mortality: 1968-1998. Diabetes Care. 2001:24(8):1348-1352. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Rewers M, Pihoker C, Donaghue K, Hanas R, Swift P, Wadwa RP et al. Global IDF/ISPAD guideline for diabetes in childhood and adolescence: assessment and monitoring of glycaemic control. 2011:50-59.

  8. Perantie DC, Wu J, Koller JM, Lim A, Warren SL, Black KJ et al. Regional brain volume differences associated with hyperglycemia and severe hypoglycemia in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2331-2337. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Anderson B, Ho J, Brackett J, Finkelstein D, Laffel L. Parental involvement in diabetes management tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 1997;130(2):257-265. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Svoren BM, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Moreland EC, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of pediatric type 1 diabetes and impact on acute outcomes. J Pediatr. 2007;150(3):279-285. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Nathan DM, Turgeon H, Regan S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia. 2007;50(11):2239-44. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Nathan DM, Lachin J, Cleary P, Orchard T, Brillon DJ, Backlund JY et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intimamedia thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(23):2294-2303. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Gilmer TP, O'Connor PJ, Manning WG, Rush WA. The cost to health plans of poor glycaemic control. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(12):1847-853. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Devries JH, Snoek FJ, Heine RJ. Persistent poor glycaemic control in adult type 1 diabetes: a closer look at the problem. Diabet Med. 2004;21(12):1263-1268. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Scottish Study Group for the Care of the Young Diabetic. Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population-based study (DIABAUD2). Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):239-244. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2002;287(19):2563-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Clements MA, Lind M, Raman S, Patton SR, Lipska KJ, Fridlington AG et al. Age at diagnosis predicts deterioration in glycaemic control among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014;2(1):e000039. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Ogugua CF, Chikani UN, Ibekwe MU, Ngwieri T, Allen H. Early signs of microvascular complications in paediatric patients with short duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus seen in southeast Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine. 2019;18(4):200-205. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. World Health Organization. Measuring a child's growth. 2008.

  20. Oyedeji GA. Socioeconomic and cultural background of hospitalized children in Ilesa. Nigeria journal of Paediatrics. 1985;12:111-117. Google Scholar

  21. Hiar CE. Clinical summary report: clinical performance of DCA 2000+ hemoglobin A1c system six-minute assay. BayerDiagnostic Division. 1998.

  22. Majaliwa ES, Munubhi E, Ramaiya K, Mpembeni R, Sanyiwa A, Mohn A et al. Survey on acute and chronic complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2187-2192. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Kratzer J. Structural barriers to coping with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Ghana: experiences of diabetic youth and their families. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(2 Suppl):39-45. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Ngwiri T, Were F, Predieri B, Ngugi P, Iughetti L. Glycemic control in Kenyan children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:761759. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Gebre-Yohannes A, Rahlenbeck SI. Glycaemic control and its determinants in diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1997;35(2-3):129-134. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Goldberg A, Rickler KS. The role of family caregivers for people with chronic illness. Medicine and health. 2011;94(2):41-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Baasher T, Elhakim ASED, Fawal K, Giel R, Harding TW, Wankiiri VB. On vagrancy and psychosis. Community Ment Health J. 1983;19(1):27-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Shelton KH, Taylor PJ, Bonner A, van den Bree M. Risk factors for homelessness: evidence from a population-based study. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(4):465-72. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Elamin A, Omer MIA, Zein K, Tuvemo T. Epidemiology of childhood type I diabetes in Sudan, 1987-1990. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(11):1556-1559. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Kyokunzire C, Matovu N, Mayega RW. Factors associated with adherence to diabetes care recommendations among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a facility-based study in two urban diabetes clinics in Uganda. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2018;11:93-104. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Lipsky L, Liu A, Namse T, Gee B. Glycaemic control and variability in association with body mass index and body composition over 18 months in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;120:97-103. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Onyiriuka AN, Ifebi E. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: frequency and clinical characteristics. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2013;12(1):47. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Matsuura N, Yokota Y, Kazahari K, Sasaki N, Amemiya S, Ito Y et al. The Japanese study group of insulin therapy for childhood and adolescent diabetes (JSGIT): initial aims and impact of the family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Pediatr Diabetes. 2001;2(4):160-169. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Tylleskär K, Tuvemo T, Gustafsson J. Diabetes control deteriorates in girls at cessation of growth: relationship with body mass index. Diabet Med. 2001;18(10):811-815. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Robertson K, Adolfsson P, Scheiner G, Hanas R, Riddell MC. Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep;10 Suppl 12:154-68. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Ogugua C, Ibekwe M, Chikani U, Okiche CY, Ibe BC. G592(P) Sociodemographic determinant of glycaemic control among children with type 1 diabetes in south eastern Nigeria. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2019;104:A23. Google Scholar